Expert: paradigm of law and public administration

CERTAIN TYPES OF DANGERS IN THE PROCESS OF POSTING OPEN INFORMATION IN VARIOUS SOURCES AND ON THE INTERNET

2025-05-12T08:23:18+03:00

The scientific article establishes that the current state of information exchange and acquisition is fundamentally different from the systems that were used two or three decades earlier. Such changes are associated with the rapid development of the Internet and other means of obtaining information, including satellite systems. The article substantiates that the isolation of OSINT technology has a fairly large impact on the information system as a whole, as well as on the development of scientific research and technical solutions in certain industries. In addition, the use of open sources of information makes it possible to assess the risks of investments and other financial transactions, but if so, the information is true. However, along with the positive aspects of the use of open sources of information in the specified system, there are quite significant disadvantages. First of all, open information can be changed for the purpose of waging information warfare, which is widely used by the Russian Federation media during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. On the other hand, the use of open sources and the application of artificial intelligence technologies can contribute to obtaining complete information about certain objects, and this information can be used to strike such objects using drones or missiles. It is substantiated that in order to secure the forms and methods of using OSINT technology, that is, information from open sources, it is necessary, first of all, to improve the system of legal regulation and influence on unscrupulous recipients of open information. For this purpose, the European Union has already adopted separate regulatory documents that need to be studied and, if possible, to prepare appropriate proposals for use in Ukraine. It was concluded that the main areas of increasing the level of security in the field of using open information are, in addition to legal regulation, the possibility of reducing the volume of open information, especially in the field of defense and other areas related to military facilities and infrastructure facilities.

OCCUPIERS – CRIMINALS: THE OBJECTIVE ASPECT OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES COMMITTED IN UKRAINE UNDER A FULL-SCALE WAR

2025-05-12T08:46:47+03:00

The article applies a scientific and methodological approach to the analysis of the objective side of criminal offenses committed by the occupiers in Ukraine in the context of a full-scale war. The authors determine that in a full-scale war in Ukraine, the occupiers commit actions which, according to the objective side of criminal offenses, fall under the criminal offenses provided for in the relevant articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which allows them to be properly qualified in court. Research purpose. The article aims to conduct a complex analysis and study the objective side of criminal offenses committed by the occupiers in Ukraine during a full-scale war. Methodology. The present article pays special attention to the analysis of practical application of the existing methods of detecting and documenting criminal activities of the occupiers and the procedural consolidation of the evidence base of the facts of criminal activities under Ukrainian legislation. Scientific novelty. It is proved that in the course of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the occupiers increasingly opt for organized crime and commit many criminal offenses. The authors render the methodology for preparing the grounds for the correct qualification of criminal offenses committed against the military of Ukraine and the civilian population, which will facilitate the adoption of correct decisions by the courts. Conclusions. It is noted that the authors analyze in detail the objective side of criminal offenses committed by the occupiers and distinguish them from related ones. Along with the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the provisions of some international acts and conventions violated by Putin’s Russia are considered. It should be borne in mind that any criminal offenses are usually committed in conjunction with others, when a person commits two or more criminal offenses under different articles or different parts of one article – the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In the course of reviewing the material, the authors propose amendments and additions to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which will improve its content.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN JURISPRUDENCE: EFFICIENCY, ACCURACY, AND DEMOCRATIZATION OF JUSTICE

2025-05-12T09:02:56+03:00

The article is dedicated to analyzing pressing issues regarding the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into jurisprudence. The study examines modern advancements in using AI for automating routine legal tasks, analyzing large volumes of data, and developing chatbots to ensure access to legal aid. Particular attention is given to practical cases that demonstrate AI's efficiency in predicting court case outcomes, optimizing legal processes, and democratizing justice. Furthermore, the article highlights ethical issues arising from the implementation of AI, including data confidentiality, algorithmic limitations, and ethical accountability for decision-making. The paper also analyzes the development prospects of technologies such as blockchain integration to enhance the security of legal documents and automate contract execution. It separately discusses the possibility of creating personalized legal services using AI and emphasizes the importance of legal workforce training for effective operation with these innovations. The potential of these technologies to transform traditional approaches to law enforcement is considered, unlocking new opportunities to improve the accessibility and efficiency of justice. The introduction of relevant training courses on artificial intelligence into educational programs for law faculties will provide an opportunity to provide the needy and demanding labor market with specialists ready to work with innovative technologies. Such an interdisciplinary approach will contribute to the development of the legal system in the conditions of digital transformation. The proper introduction of AI into the legal sphere depends on a comprehensive approach, which includes the development of relevant legislative initiatives, the introduction of innovative technologies for the formation of a new generation of specialists. This will allow Ukraine to embark on the path of creating an effective, fair and transparent legal system.

APPLICATION OF UNMANNED TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

2025-05-12T09:09:38+03:00

The article thoroughly examines the prospects and current opportunities for the use of unmanned technologies in the protection of critical infrastructure objects, which is one of the most relevant areas in national security provision. Unmanned technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), offer significant potential for the modernization and enhancement of the security systems for critical objects, such as energy stations, reservoirs, transport hubs, oil and gas facilities, as well as other strategically important infrastructure objects. The article emphasizes the key advantages of using unmanned systems, particularly their high mobility, autonomy, and ability to respond quickly to emergency situations. Special attention is given to the integration of unmanned systems into the overall security system, including integration with other protective technologies, such as video surveillance, motion sensors, chemical and radiation monitoring, as well as automated control and cybersecurity systems. Integrating unmanned vehicles into a unified security network allows for comprehensive monitoring of objects, real-time situation analysis, threat detection, and rapid neutralization without involving human resources. By utilizing modern artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, unmanned systems can operate autonomously, analyzing information and making decisions without operator intervention, ensuring high efficiency and reducing human error. Furthermore, the article discusses the importance of using unmanned systems to detect and neutralize various threats, such as explosive devices, chemical or biological hazards, as well as cyber threats. Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) can be equipped with specialized sensors to detect explosives or toxic gases, enabling the identification of potential threats without putting human workers at risk. UGVs can also perform threat neutralization functions, such as using manipulators to disarm explosive devices. The article also highlights the economic aspects of using unmanned technologies. Given the high level of autonomy of unmanned systems, the need for a large number of human resources for patrolling and monitoring protected objects is reduced, significantly lowering security costs. Unmanned systems can operate around the clock, performing tasks without interruption, ensuring continuous control over objects and enabling rapid response to potential threats. Overall, the use of unmanned technologies to protect critical infrastructure objects not only enhances security but also provides significant economic benefits by reducing costs for physical security, minimizing risks to personnel, and allowing for prompt response to threats. The article outlines the main advantages of such systems and demonstrates their potential for further development and implementation in the practice of protecting critical objects. It is concluded that unmanned technologies are a crucial element in ensuring the resilience of objects to various threats and contribute to maintaining national security.

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS OF EXPERT GEMOLOGICAL LEGAL RELATIONS

2025-05-12T09:13:27+03:00

The article presents the author's modern classification of subjects of gemological expert legal relations, which is generally as follows: 1) subjects of general regulation of gemological expertise relations – the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine; 2) subjects of special regulation and general management of gemological expertise relations – the CMU, local state administrations; 3) subjects of special management of gemological expertise relations – MJ, MIA, SSU, MF, MCSC; 4) subjects of local organization and management of gemological expertise relations – territorial branches of the SSI, SGCU, regional SЕAC, expert institutions of municipal ownership, accredited gemological laboratories, their officials; 5) subjects of direct performance of gemological examination – forensic experts, forensic experts who are not employees of the SSI, staff gemological experts of the SGCU, gemological experts accredited by the SGCU, other specialists (experts) in the relevant fields of knowledge in the manner and under the conditions determined by the Law on SE, an expert commission (commission or comprehensive examination); 6) subjects of initiation (appointment or ordering) of gemological examination – courts, law enforcement agencies, public or private executors, museums, business entities, legal entities or individuals: 7) permanent and temporary acting subjects of consultative and advisory gemological relations – the Coordination Council on Forensic Expertise, the Interagency Working Group on the Settlement of Issues of Expert Evaluation of Crushed Stone when Exported from Ukraine; 8) subjects of auxiliary gemological relations – the authorized body for import, export body, recipient (importer), consignor (exporter), art historians, and museums' fund and purchase commissions. The author proposes an approach to differentiating the subjects of expert gemological relations, as defined by gemological and forensic legislation, by the criterion of their main and additional functional purpose. The author reveals the controversial nature of the use of the terms «independent expert», «independent examination », «guarantees of the correctness of the expert's opinion».

DIGITAL MONEY AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM: REGULATION, BENEFITS AND RISKS

2025-05-12T09:21:35+03:00

In today’s world, digital money is becoming an integral part of financial systems, and the process of its implementation is actively developing. Commercial digital currencies have long been operating in the market, with their advantages and disadvantages discussed for more than a decade. At the same time, more and more governments are considering the digitalization of national currencies, which requires in-depth research and practical testing. Although digital money offers significant benefits, its implementation comes with several challenges that require thorough analysis. The main disadvantages include: 1. Cybersecurity Risks. Digital assets are vulnerable to hacker attacks, phishing, and data breaches. Even centralized digital currencies (CBDCs), such as the e-hryvnia, may be susceptible to external attacks or internal security breaches. 2. Privacy Issues. The use of digital money may lead to excessive government control, threatening citizens’ financial anonymity. It is necessary to find a balance between security and personal data protection. 3. Cryptocurrency Volatility. If digital money is based on blockchain or cryptocurrency technologies, it may experience high volatility, making it difficult to use in everyday transactions. 4. Regulatory Uncertainty. Legislation on digital assets in many countries (including Ukraine) is still under development. Uncertainty in legal regulation may slow down the integration of digital currencies into the financial system. 5. Impact on the Banking System. If central banks actively introduce their own digital currencies, this may lead to capital outflows from traditional banks, affecting their liquidity and ability to provide loans to the economy. To address these challenges, further research is needed in the following areas: developing effective cybersecurity mechanisms to protect digital money from attacks; studying regulatory approaches and creating legal frameworks that ensure a balance between security and privacy; analyzing the economic impact of digital currencies on banks, lending, and macroeconomic stability; assessing public trust in digital money and the potential consequences of its adoption. Thus, while digital money has great potential, its implementation requires a cautious approach and further research to minimize risks and create an efficient financial system.

PROBLEMS OF ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN MIGRATION TRENDS

2025-05-12T09:25:28+03:00

The article analyzes the problem of ensuring the rights of internally displaced persons in a prospective perspective. The authors consider the constitutional and legal regulation and features of migration processes in Ukraine. The problem of implementing certain provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine, and subordinate regulatory legal acts is reviewed. The migration movement of the population in Ukraine is studied. It is emphasized that in the short term (2025–2026) the number of internally displaced persons in Ukraine may decrease. The prospects for solving the problem of IDPs, in particular in the field of the entire spectrum of ensuring human and civil rights, depend on the effectiveness of state programs to support and integrate internally displaced persons at their place of temporary residence. Internally displaced population remains one of the most serious socio-demographic challenges for Ukraine, which requires significant efforts from both the state and international partners to resolve. Otherwise, many IDPs who are already below the poverty line will be forced to irrevocably leave the country. So, summing up the above, we can state that the migration situation in Ukraine demonstrates persistently negative trends associated with mass emigration, an increase in the number of refugees and internally displaced persons. The main, fundamental reason for such processes lies in the ongoing military conflict, which systematically destroys the country's energy sector, housing sector, transport sector, healthcare, education and much more. Despite individual periods of migration growth, the overall migration balance remains negative, which exacerbates the demographic crisis and weakens the country's socio-economic potential. Moreover, employment problems, lack of housing and weak state support force many citizens to leave the country in search of a better life, and those who have left – to decide not to return to their homeland even in the post-war period. To stabilize the situation, it is necessary to introduce a set of actions. First, it is necessary to reform migration policy, which in the last decade was formed under the influence of mostly political factors and was of a spontaneous nature. Migration policy should be aimed at compensating for the shortage of labor, as well as at creating long-term mechanisms for managing migration flows. Second, it is necessary to develop and implement programs to encourage citizens who have gone abroad to return home. This applies to both refugees and emigrants. Third, effective administration of the labor market is necessary, it is important to create not only jobs, but also incentives for the economic activity of citizens. Fourth, the state should actively cooperate with international partners to attract investments (to finance programs for the return of Ukrainians who have gone abroad, the reintegration of internally displaced persons, etc.). Without a comprehensive approach, Ukraine risks facing long-term demographic problems that threaten the country's national security and sustainable development. At the same time, we understand that the steps presented will be most effective only if hostilities cease on the territory of Ukraine.

HISTORICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION

2025-05-12T09:32:29+03:00

The article carries out a comprehensive analysis of the activities of the National Liberation Struggle of the Cossacks on the territory of Ukraine. Individual issues of the activity of the hetman state and the peculiarities of the formation of relations between the Cossack foreman and the Cossacks are considered. The vulnerability of the new state entity, which was formed under the leadership of the Hetmanate, and what significance it had for the formation of the democratic structure of the Ukrainian state was clarified. The main emphasis is placed on the multifaceted activity of the Cossack foreman, which was not limited to external but also internal problems. The study gives specific examples when the Cossacks severely cracked down on their helmsmen, when they abused their power and their official duties. A number of problems were identified in the activity and formation of the Cossack foreman, compliance with the principles of justice when paying for service, etc. The article also emphasizes the role and responsibility of the Cossack foreman in countering any corrupt actions of the Hetman and his entourage. An important conclusion was made about the extremely important role and place of responsibility of the Hetman before the Cossacks, including for any corrupt actions. All this had a negative impact on the establishment and formation of the Hetmanship on the territory of Ukraine.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF UKRAINE IN THE FIELD OF COUNTERING INFORMATION THREATS IN CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL STATE

2025-05-12T09:45:04+03:00

Armed aggression against Ukraine has led to the emergence of new information threats, which in turn has expanded the list of threats to the national security of Ukraine and the introduction of a special legal regime on its territory. In conditions of martial law, the issues of countering information threats become important due to the destructive impact in the information sphere. In view of this, it is especially important to develop and implement measures that will effectively protect information, ensure the continuity of information processes and protect critical infrastructure from potential and real information threats. In the described situation, international cooperation of Ukraine with partner states and leading international intergovernmental organizations plays a particularly important role, which necessitates the search for joint solutions within the framework of such cooperation to counter information threats, the creation of a joint strategy for ensuring information security. That is why the author sets the goal of investigating the legal aspects of Ukraine's cooperation in countering information threats under martial law at the interstate level. The issues of countering information threats were studied by domestic and foreign scientists, in particular: I. V. Aristova, I. R. Berezovskaya, O. V. Boychenko, V. D. Gavlovsky, V. I. Gurkovsky, M. V. Gutsalyuk, R. A. Kalyuzhny, B. A. Kormych, V. A. Lipkan, O. V. Loginov, Y. Maksymenko, Y. Orlov, V. G. Khakhanovsky, D. Bell, W. Dyzard, E. Toffler, T. Stounyer and others. The issues of international cooperation in the field of countering information threats were in the focus of attention of: G. V. Grabin, M. V. Grebenyuk, S. V. Demedyuk, E. A. Makarenko, O. M. Frolov and other scientists. At the same time, the issue of international cooperation in the field of countering information threats under martial law remains unresolved.