ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES FILTRATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32689/maup.it.2021.2.8

Keywords:

pesticides, organophosphates, residual analysis, agricultural sector

Abstract

This research focused on reviewing organophosphate monitoring in European countries that was carried out by various researchers independently to National authorities or official European monitoring bodies, during the last ten years. A modified QuEChERS method (a solid phase extraction technique for detection of pesticide residues in food) seems to be the most preferable method used lately in private or educational laboratories, while ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) systems, are gradually gaining ground in trace analysis. Considering the collected published data, organophosphates seem not to be so intriguing to monitor and research, besides being still one of the most frequently applied pesticides used for cultivation purposes today. The question is, will public health be exposed to adverse effects of produce sold, especially in local markets, without the necessary “free from pesticide residue” certification? Traceability and food labeling techniques can provide evidence for certain production methods (eg organic food) or specific food product origin, while facilitate traceability in case of MRLs violation.

References

FAO/WHO Report of a Joint Workshop (2004) Fruit and Vegetables for Health. Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health. Fruit and vegetables for health: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Workshop, Kobe, Japan. Pp 1-39, ISBN: 92-4-159281-8

Pomadera C (2006) Word Development Report 2008. Agriculture for Development. Contract Agriculture. Lessons from experiences in Costa Rica.

Prudent P, Loko S, Deybe D, Vaissayre M (2007) Factors limiting the adoption of IPM practices by cotton farmers in begin : a participatory approach. Experimental Agriculture 43:113-124

Kokkinakis E, Boskou G, Fragkiadakis GA, Kokkinaki A, Papadaki M, Lapidakis N (2007) Microbiological quality of tomatoes and peppers produced under the Good Agricultural Practices protocol AGRO 2-1 & 2-2 in Crete, Greece, Food Control 18(12):1538-1546

Sarig Y (2003) Traceability of Food Products. Agricultural Engineering International : the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Invited Overview Paper. Vol V December 2003. Presented at the Club of Bologna meeting. November 16, 2003. Bologna Italy

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC.

Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EECText with EEA relevance.

Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 (Text with EEA relevance)

Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance.

European Commission (2010) Food and Veterinary Office – Special Reports: Pesticide Monitoring Reports. (http://ec.europa.eu/food/fvo/specialreports/pesticides_index_en.htm) Accessed 5.2.2010.

RASFF (2010) European Community’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/index_en.htm) Accessed 5.2.2010.

Conacher HBS, Mess J (1993) Assessment of human exposure to chemical contaminants in foods. Food Additives and Contaminant 10:5-15.

Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology (2001) The Basic Science of Poisons (6th Edition). Editor Klaassen, Curtis D. 2001 McGraw-Hill.

Toft G, Hagmar L, Giwercman A, Bonde JP (2004) Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans. Reproductive Toxicology 19(1):5-26.

Lee JW, Baccarelli A, Tretiakova M, Gorbanev S, Lomtev A, Klimkina I, Tchibissov V, Averikna O, Dosemeci M (2006) Pesticide exposure and lung cancer mortality in Leningrad province in Russia. Environment International 32:412-416.

Lo S, King I, Allera A, Klingmuller D (2007) Effects of various pesticides on human 5α-reductase activity in prostate and LNCaP cells. Toxicology in vitro 21(3):502-508.

Irigaray P, Newby JA, Clapp R, Hardell L, Sasco AJ, Howard V, Montagnier L, Epstein S, Belpomme D (2007) Risk factors and environmental agents causing cancer: an overview. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 61(10):640-658.

Nasterlack M (2007) Pesticides and childhood canser : an update. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 210:645-657.

Tutudaki M, Tsakalof KA, Tsatsakis MA (2003) Hair analysis used to assess chronic exposure to the organophosphate diazinon : a model study with rabbits. Human & Experimental Toxicology 22(3):159-164.

Tsatsakis A, Tutudaki M (2004) Progress in pesticide and POPs hair analysis for the assessment of exposure. Forensic Science International 145:195-199.

Zhou R, Zhou L, Yang K, Chen Y (2006) Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River, East China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 137:68-75.

Claver A, Ormad P, Rodriguez L, Ovelleiro JL (2006) Study of the presence of pesticides in surface Waters in the Ebro River basin (Spain). Chemosphere 64:1437-1443.

Lauria L, Settimi L, Spinelli A, Figa-Talamanca I (2006) Exposure to pesticides and time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers. Reproductive Toxicology 22:425-430.

Maloschik E, Ernst A, Hegedus G, Darvas B, Szekacs A (2007) Monitoring water-polluting pesticides in Hungary. Microchemical Journal 85:88-97.

Carreno J, Rivas A, Granada A, Lopez-Espinosa JM, Mariscal M, Olea N, Serrano F (2007) Exposure of young men to organochlorine pesticides in Southern Spain. Environmental Research 103:55-61.

Bretveld WR, Hooiveld M, Zielhuis AG, Pellegrino A, van Rooij I, Roeleveld N (2008) Reproductive disorders among male and female greenhouse workers. Reproductive Toxicology 25(1):107-114.

Abbott JA (1999) Quality measurement of fruits and vegetables. Postharvest Biology and Technology 15:207–225.

Abou-Arab AAK (1999) Behavior of pesticides in tomatoes during commercial and home preparation. Food Chemistry 65:509-514.

Bai Y, Zhou L, Wang J (2006) Organophosphorus pesticide residues in market foods in Shaanxi area, China. Food Chemistry 98:240–242.

CDC (2009) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.

Lu C, Bravo R, Caltabiano LM, Irish RM, Weerasekera G, Barr DB (2005) The presence of dialkylphosphates in fresh fruit juices: implication for organophosphorus pesticide exposure and risk assessments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health part A 68(3):209-27.

Beyer A, Biziuk M (2008) Applications of sample preparation techniques in the analysis of pesticides and PCBs in food. Food Chemisrty 108(2):669-680.

Hercegova A, Domotorova M, Matisova E (2007) Sample preparation in the analysis of pesticide residues in baby food with subsequent chromatographic determination. Journal of Chromatography A 1153:54-73.

Van der Hoff R, G, Van Zoonen P (1999) Trace analysis of pesticides by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 843:301-322.

Patel K, Fussell JR, Goodall MD, Keely JB (2004) Evaluation of large volume-difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LV-DMI-GC-TOF-MS) for the determination of pesticides in fruit-based baby foods. Food Additives and Contaminants part A 21:658-669.

Anastassiades M, Lehotay JS, Stajnbaher D, Schenck JF (2003) Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and «dispersive solid-phase extraction» for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal of AOAC International 86(2):412-431.

Cajka T, Mastovska K, Lehotay JS, Hajslova J (2005) Use of automated direct sample introduction with analyte protectants in the GC-MS analysis of pesticide residues. Journal of Separation Science 28(9-10):1048-1060.

Lehotay JS (1997) Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides in foods. Journal of Chromatography A 785(1-2):289-312.

Eller IK, Lehotay JS (1997) Evaluation of hydromatrix and magnesium sulfate drying agents for supercritical fluid extraction of multiple pesticides in produce. Analyst 122(5):429-435.

Valverde-Garcia A, Fernandez-Alba RA, Aguera A, Contreras M (1995) Extraction of methamidophos residues from vegetables with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Journal of AOAC International 78(3):867-873.

Lehotay JS, Hajslova J (2002) Application of gas chromatography in food analysis. TrAC – Trends in Analytical Chemistry 21(9-10):686-697.

Sandra P, Tienpont B, David F (2003) Multi-residue screening of pesticides in vegetables, fruits and baby food by stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1000:299-309.

Navarro M, Pico Y, Marın R, Manes J (2002) Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion to the determination of a new generation of fungicides in fruits and vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A 968(1-2):201-209.

Kristenson ME, Hoverkate EGJ, Slooten JC, Ramos L, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh (2001) Miniaturized automated matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction of pesticides in fruit followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Chromatography A 917(1-2):277-286.

Blasco C, Pico Y, Manes J, Font G (2002) Determination of fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 947(2):227-235.

Pang GF, Cao YZ, Fan CL, Zhang JJ, Li XM (1999) Multiresidue gas chromatographic method for determining synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in agricultural products: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 82(1):186-196.

Cook J, Beckett MP, Reliford B, Hammock W, Engel M (1999) Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using procedures developed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Journal of AOAC International 82(6):1419-1435.

Dalluge J, Van Rijn M, Beens J, Vruels RJJ, Brinkman UATh (2002) Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection applied to the determination of pesticides in food extracts. Journal of Chromatography A 965(1-2):207-217.

Fernandez Moreno JL, Arrebola Liebanas FJ, Garrido Frenich A, Martinez Vidal JL (2006) Evaluation of different sample treatments for determining pesticide residues in fat vegetable matrices like avocado by low-pressure gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1111(1):97-105.

Schenck JF, Lehotay JS (2000) Does further clean-up reduce the matrix enhancement effect in gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food? Journal of Chromatography A 868(1):51-61.

Schenck JF, Lehotay JS, Vega V (2002) Comparison of solid-phase extraction sorbents for cleanup in pesticide residue analysis of fresh fruits and vegetables. Journal of Separation Science 25(14):883-890.

Stajbaher D, Zupancic-Kralj L (2003) Multiresidue method for determination of 90 pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1015:185-198.

Lehotay SJ, Mastovska K, Lightfield AR (2005a) Use of buffering and other means to improve results of problematic pesticides in a fast and easy method for residue analysis of fruits and vegetables. Journal of AOAC International 82(2):615-629.

Domotorova M, Hercegova A, Matisova E (2006) Monitoring of pesticide residues in apples from Slovakia for baby food production. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24:84.

Pizzutti RI, de Kok A, Zanella R, Adaimea BM, Hiemstra M, Wickert C, Prestes DO (2007) Method validation for the analysis of 169 pesticides in soya grain, without clean up, by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using positive and negative electrospray ionization. Journal of Chromatography A 1142:123–136.

Guillarme D, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL (2010) Coupling ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 29(1):15-27.

Lehotay SJ, De Kok A, Hiemstra M, Van Bodegraven P (2005b) Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of AOAC International 82(2):595-614.

Leandro CC, Hancock P, Fussell RJ, Keely BJ (2006) Comparison of ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of priority pesticides in baby foods by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1103(1):94-101.

SANCO (2010) European Commission. Plant Health. Guidance Documents (Pesticide Residues). Method Validation and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed. Document No. SANCO/10684/2009. (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm#residues) Accessed 5.2.2010.

Gonzalez-Rodrıguez RM, Rial-Otero R, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gandara J (2008) Determination of 23 pesticide residues in leafy vegetables using gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and analyte protectants. Journal of Chromatography A 1196–1197, 100–109.

Amvrazi GE, Tsiropoulos GN (2009) Application of single-drop microextraction coupled with gas chromatography for the determination of multiclass pesticides in vegetables with nitrogen phosphorus and electron capture detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1216:2789–2797.

Fenoll J, Hellı΄n P, Martı΄nez MC, Miguel M, Flores P (2007) Multiresidue method for analysis of pesticides in pepper and tomato by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorus detection. Food Chemistry 105:711–719.

Lesueur C, Knittl P, Gartner M, Mentler A, Fuerhacker M (2008) Analysis of 140 pesticides from conventional farming foodstuff samples after extraction with the modified QuECheRS method. Food Control 19:906–914.

Gonzalez FJE, Vidal JLM, Castro Cano LM, Galera MM (1998) Levels of metamidophos in air and vegetables after greenhouse applications by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 829:251–258.

Cortes MJ, Vαzquez A, Santa-Marνa G, Blanch PG, Jesϊs Villιn J (2009) Pesticide residue analysis by RPLC–GC in lycopene and other carotenoids obtained from tomatoes by supercritical fluid extraction. Food Chemistry 113:280–284.

Berrada H, Fernαndez M, Ruiz JM, Moltσ CJ, Maρes J, Font G (2010) Surveillance of pesticide residues in fruits from Valencia during twenty months (2004/05). Food Control 21:36–44.

Balinova A, Mladenova R, Shtereva D (2007) Solid-phase extraction on sorbents of different retention mechanisms followed by determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometric and gas chromatography–electron capture detection of pesticide residues in crops. Journal of Chromatography A 1150:136–144.

HuSkovα R, Matisovα E, Hrouzkovα S, Svorc L (2009a) Analysis of pesticide residues by fast gas chromatography in combination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1216:6326–6334.

Lacina O, Urbanova J, Poustka J, Hajslova J (2010) Identification/quantification of multiple pesticide residues in food plants by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1217:648–659.

Cunha CS, Fernandes OJ, Oliveira MBPP (2009a) Fast analysis of multiple pesticide residues in apple juice using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1216:8835–8844.

Cunha CS, Fernandes OJ, Oliveira MBPP (2009b) Fast low-pressure gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of multiple pesticides in grapes, musts and wines. Journal of Chromatography A 1216:119–126.

Ticha J, Hajslova J, Jech M, Honzicek J, Lacina O, Kohoutkova J, Kocourek V, Lansky M, Kloutvorova J, Falta V (2008) Changes of pesticide residues in apples during cold storage. Food Control 19:247–256

HuSkovα R, Matisovα E, Svorc L, Mocαka J, Kirchner M (2009b) Comparison of negative chemical ionization and electron impact ionization in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of endocrine disrupting pesticides. Journal of Chromatography A 1216:4927–4932.

Mezcua M, Ferrer C, Garcνa-Reyes FJ, Bueno MJM, Sigrist M, Fernαndez-Alba RA (2009) Analyses of selected nonauthorized insecticides in peppers by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry 112:221–225.

Antonia Marıa Rojano-Delgado, Marıa D. Luque de Castro (2014). Capillary electrophoresis and herbicide analysis: Present and future perspectives. Electrophoresis 35, 2509–2519

Abdalla A. Elbashia and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein (2015). Separation and analysis of triazine herbicide residues by capillary electrophoresis Biomedical Chromatography 29: 835–842

Downloads

Published

2021-11-03

How to Cite

СКУРАТОВСЬКИЙ, Р. (2021). ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES FILTRATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Information Technology and Society, (2 (2), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.32689/maup.it.2021.2.8