MODERN TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE THE «DOWN-WASH» EFFECT WHEN MEASURING POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS USING UAVS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32689/maup.it.2024.3.4Keywords:
atmospheric air monitoring, UAVs, down-wash effect, technical solutionsAbstract
The level of air pollution is formed under the influence of many factors, including emissions from energy, transport, and agricultural facilities, as well as waste disposal and treatment processes. It also depends on meteorological conditions, the rate of dispersion of pollutants and their interaction with the environment (physical and chemical transformation, leaching by precipitation, absorption by the underlying surface), and geographical features of the area (relief, presence of buildings, height and density of vegetation). The article describes the sources of emissions of such air pollutants as particulate matter, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds, ozone, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, radiation, and odours, and outlines the general methods of their measurement. The peculiarities of the functioning of ground-based stationary air quality monitoring stations are described. The article shows the low efficiency of these systems for rapid response to rapidly evolving emergencies with chemical and radiation pollution. It is substantiated that an effective approach to the rapid assessment of the situation and obtaining the necessary data in the event of such situations is to use monitoring systems based on mobile platforms, namely UAVs. It is noted that the advantages of these tools are the ability to quickly get to the scene of an emergency in difficult conditions (difficult terrain, the presence of hard-to-pass vegetation, destruction or emergency condition of an object, a large fire or explosions on the territory of an object, hostilities, severe weather conditions, etc.) and to quickly obtain the necessary data for making timely and effective management decisions by response services. The article describes the «down-wash» effect that occurs under the UAV as a result of the rapid rotation of its rotors, which causes a disturbance in the air distribution around the drone and a decrease in the concentration of the gases under study at the location of the multisensor system. The article analyses the modern advanced technical solutions of scientists from around the world regarding the placement of sensors on board the UAV to reduce the impact of the «down-wash» effect on the accuracy of measuring the relevant concentrations.
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