INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POST-IMPERIAL STERLING: FROM EXORBITANT PRIVILEGE TO NEO-DEPENDENT RESILIENCE IN THE GLOBAL MONETARY HIERARCHY

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32689/2523-4536/81-10

Keywords:

currency hierarchy, currency internationalisation, international political economy, monetary power, reserve currency, transmission mechanism, monetary statecraft, global liquidity, distributional economics

Abstract

The article reconceptualises sterling’s post-imperial role as an institutionally determined regime in which monetary reach stems less from economic mass than from jurisdictional authority, London market infrastructure, and credible crisis backstops. It defines a “sterling order” as an infrastructural–juridical configuration and shows how English-law contracting, network externalities, sterling-collateral liquidity, and Bank of England interventions sustain conditional resilience while reproducing hierarchy and asymmetric distribution. Privilege survives as convenience premia and intermediation rents, while crises transmit via liquidity spirals and confidence shocks. The framework informs the diagnosis of fragilities, non-bank backstops, payment-settlement resilience, and mitigation of unequal burdens.

References

Avaro, M. (2024). Zombie international currency: The pound sterling, 1945–1971. The Journal of Economic History, no. 84(3), pp. 917–952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050724000329

Bank for International Settlements. (2025, September 30). OTC foreign exchange turnover in April 2025 (Triennial Central Bank Survey). Available at: https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx25_fx.pdf

Bank of England. (2023). Financial stability buy/sell tools: A gilt market case study. Quarterly Bulletin. Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/quarterly-bulletin/2023/2023/financial-stability-buy-sell-tools-a-gilt-market-case-study

Bank of England. (2025, January 28). Contingent NBFI Repo Facility (CNRF) – Market Notice 28 January 2025. Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/markets/market-notices/2025/january/contingent-nbfi-repo-facility-market-notice-28-january-2025

Bordo, M. D., MacDonald, R., & Oliver, M. J. (2009). Sterling in crisis, 1964–1967. European Review of Economic History, no. 13(3), pp. 437–459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491609990128

Borio, C., McCauley, R., McGuire, P., & Sushko, V. (2022). Dollar debt in FX swaps and forwards: Huge, missing and growing. BIS Quarterly Review (December), pp. 67–73. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2212h.pdf

Breinlich, H., Leromain, E., Novy, D., & Sampson, T. (2022). The Brexit vote, inflation and U.K. living standards. International Economic Review, no. 63(1), pp. 63–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12541

Eichengreen, B. (2019). Globalizing capital: A history of the international monetary system (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691194585

Eichengreen, B., & Flandreau, M. (2009). The rise and fall of the dollar (or when did the dollar replace sterling as the leading reserve currency?). European Review of Economic History, no. 13(3), pp. 377–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491609990153

Eichengreen, B., Mehl, A., & Chiţu, L. (2019). Mars or Mercury? The geopolitics of international currency choice. Economic Policy, no. 34(98), pp. 315–363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiz005

HM Revenue & Customs. (2025, April 24). UK trade in goods by declared currency of invoice 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-trade-in-goods-by-declared-currency-of-invoice-2024/uk-trade-in-goods-by-declared-currency-of-invoice-2024

Hussain, A. (2025). Decolonisation, unstable sovereignties and development: The Indian sterling balance negotiations of 1947. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (advance online publication), pp. 1–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2025.2575829

International Monetary Fund. (2020). The international architecture for resolving sovereign debt involving private-sector creditors – Recent developments, challenges, and reform options (Policy Paper No. 2020/043). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513557472.007

International Monetary Fund. (n.d.). Currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves (COFER) [Dataset]. Available at: https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA%3ACOFER

International Swaps and Derivatives Association. (1992). 1992 ISDA master agreement (Multicurrency – Cross Border). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR). Available at: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1332815/000119312509105708/dex1024.htm

McCann, P. (2021). UK ‘geography of discontent’: Narratives, Brexit and interregional inequality. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, no. 14(3), pp. 545–564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab017

Naef, A. (2022). Sterling’s post-war role and lessons from the 1947 convertibility crisis. In An exchange rate history of the United Kingdom, 1945–1992 (pp. 5–17). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108878333.002.

Oren, T., & Blyth, M. (2019). From Big Bang to Big Crash: The early origins of the UK’s finance-led growth model and the persistence of bad policy ideas. New Political Economy, no. 24(5), pp. 605–622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1473355

Rey, H. (2015). Dilemma not trilemma: The global financial cycle and monetary policy independence. NBER Working Paper No. 21162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w21162

Sá, F. (2025). The effect of foreign investors on local housing markets. Journal of Economic Geography, no. 25(3), pp. 329–349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae043

Schenk, C. R. (2010). The decline of sterling: Managing the retreat of an international currency, 1945–1992. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511676499

Subacchi, P., & van den Noord, P. (2023). Exorbitant privilege and fiscal autonomy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, no. 39(2), pp. 283–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grad008

Downloads

Published

2026-03-23