OPTIMIZATION OF LORAWAN GATEWAY PLACEMENT IN WASTE CONTAINER MONITORING SYSTEMS WITH ADR CONSIDERATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32689/maup.it.2026.2.7Keywords:
LoRaWAN, smart waste management, gateway, ADR, network coverage, IoT, waste container, LPWANAbstract
This article examines the placement of LoRaWAN gateways for urban waste-container monitoring. The practical question is straightforward: how can a city obtain stable telemetry from many battery-powered container nodes without installing more gateways than are actually needed? In many planning schemes the answer is reduced to geometric coverage. Such a reduction is unsafe for this application, because the radio channel is affected by the morphology of the district, the type and position of the container, additional shielding losses, and the way in which the Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) mechanism reacts to RSSI and SNR at node locations. The paper therefore proposes a placement method in which coverage, service quality, average spreading factor, node energy consumption and the number of gateways are treated jointly in one objective function. The formulation is adapted to waste-container monitoring, including above-ground and underground bins, irregular node distribution, heterogeneous urban development and the requirement for reliable telemetry delivery. In this interpretation, gateway placement is not only a question of drawing a coverage radius on a map; it is also a question of creating channel conditions in which ADR can move a significant share of nodes to more economical transmission modes without losing communication reliability. The proposed approach can be used to reduce unnecessary LoRaWAN infrastructure, justify installation points and improve the operation of smart waste management systems in urban areas.
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