BETWEEN DEMOCRATIC CONTROL AND REGIME LOGIC: INTERNAL SECURITY SYSTEMS OF POLAND AND AZERBAIJAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32689/3083-7731-2026-2(38)-69-74Ключові слова:
internal security, security services, civilian control, Poland, Azerbaijan, security sector reform, hybrid threats, securitization, human securityАнотація
This paper compares how Poland and Azerbaijan organize their internal security. It looks at institutions, the legal basis on which they rest, and perhaps more importantly the actual working of civilian oversight. The discussion draws on a range of approaches, from classical realism to critical security studies, and treats internal security both as a core state function and as something shaped by processes of securitization and ideas of human security. What is striking is that the two countries, despite belonging to very different regime types and geopolitical camps, display a number of formal institutional similarities. These similarities, however, conceal sharply different normative logics and patterns of accountability. Methodologically the study relies on close reading of legal acts and strategic documents, combined with desk research of academic literature and reports produced by international monitoring organizations. The comparison brings out both structural convergences and deep divergences in the distribution of authority, the construction of threats, and the practical functioning of oversight. One of the more interesting findings concerns the phenomenon of institutional mimicry – the way similar organizational forms can serve almost opposite political purposes depending on the broader context. The concluding section sketches possible reform directions. For Poland, the main task appears to be the consolidation of democratic control under conditions of hybrid pressure. For Azerbaijan, the challenge runs deeper: moving the security sector away from regime protection and toward something closer to the rule of law.
Посилання
Amnesty International. Azerbaijan. Amnesty International Report 2022/23. London : Amnesty International Ltd, 2023.
Baldwin, D. A. (1997). The concept of security. Review of International Studies. Vol. 23, No. 1. P. 5–26.
Securitization theory: How security problems emerge and dissolve / ed. by T. Balzacq. London : Routledge, 2011. 264 p.
Bayley, D. H. (2006). Changing the guard: Developing democratic police abroad. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 200 p.
Booth, K. (1991). Security and emancipation. Review of International Studies. Vol. 17, No. 4. P. 313–326.
Born, H., Caparini, M. (2007). Democratic control of intelligence services: Containing rogue elephants. Aldershot : Ashgate, 308 p.
Buzan, B. (1991). People, states and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. 2nd ed. Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf, 393 p.
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., Wilde, J. de. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 239 p.
Cohen, R. (2002). Democratic oversight of security sector: Lessons from Poland. Geneva : DCAF, 45 p.
Cornell, S. E. (2011). Azerbaijan since independence. New York : M. E. Sharpe, 485 p.
European Court of Human Rights. Annual report 2022. Strasbourg : ECHR, 2022. 210 p.
Feaver, P. D. (2003). Armed servants: Agency, oversight, and civil-military relations. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 380 p.
Fehler, W. (2009). (red.) Bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne współczesnej Polski: Aspekty teoretyczne i praktyczne. Warszawa : Arte, 312 s.
Hobbes T. Leviathan / ed. by R. Tuck. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996. 544 p.
Human Rights Watch. Azerbaijan. World Report 2023. New York : Human Rights Watch, 2023. 712 p.
Kaldor, M. (2012). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. 3rd ed. Cambridge : Polity Press, 248 p.
Kitler, W. (2011). Bezpieczeństwo narodowe RP: Podstawowe kategorie, uwarunkowania, system. Warszawa : Akademia Obrony Narodowej, 488 s.
Konstytucja Republiki Azerbejdżanu z dnia 12 listopada 1995 r., ze zmianami z 24 sierpnia 2002 r., 18 marca 2009 r. i 26 września 2016 r. Baku : Milli Məclis, 1995.
Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r.. Dziennik Ustaw. 1997. Nr 78, poz. 483.
Loader, I., Walker, N. (2007). Civilizing security. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 290 p.
Lyon, D. (2001). Surveillance society: Monitoring everyday life. Buckingham : Open University Press, 192 p.
Mathews, J. T. (1989). Redefining security. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 68, No. 2. P. 162–177.
Misiuk, A. (2008). Administracja porządku i bezpieczeństwa publicznego. Warszawa : Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 352 s.
O’Donnell, G. (1998). Horizontal accountability in new democracies. Journal of Democracy. Vol. 9, No. 3. P. 112–126.
Schedler, A. (1999). Conceptualizing accountability. The self-restraining state: Power and accountability in new democracies / ed. by A. Schedler, L. Diamond, M. F. Plattner. Boulder : Lynne Rienner, P. 13–28.
Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Warszawa : Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, 2020. 40 s.
UNDP. Human development report 1994: New dimensions of human security. New York : Oxford University Press, 1994. 226 p.
Ustawa z dnia 6 kwietnia 1990 r. o Policji. Dziennik Ustaw. 1990. Nr 30, poz. 179.
Ustawa z dnia 12 października 1990 r. o Straży Granicznej. Dziennik Ustaw. 1990. Nr 78, poz. 462.
Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu. Dziennik Ustaw. 2002. Nr 74, poz. 676.
Ustawa z dnia 9 czerwca 2006 r. o Centralnym Biurze Antykorupcyjnym. Dziennik Ustaw. 2006. Nr 104, poz. 708.
Ustawa z dnia 9 czerwca 2006 r. o Służbie Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego oraz Służbie Wywiadu Wojskowego. Dziennik Ustaw. 2006. Nr 104, poz. 709.
Walt, S. M. (1991). The renaissance of security studies. International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 35, No. 2. P. 211–239.
Weber, M. (1946). Politics as a vocation. From Max Weber: Essays in sociology / ed. by H. H. Gerth, C. W. Mills. New York : Oxford University Press, P. 77–128.
Security studies: An introduction / ed. by P. D. Williams. London : Routledge, 2008. 560 p.
Wolfers, A. (1952). “National security” as an ambiguous symbol. Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 67, No. 4. P. 481–502.
Zięba, R. (2004). Instytucjonalizacja bezpieczeństwa europejskiego: Koncepcje, struktury, funkcjonowanie. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 416 s.
Zürcher, C. (2007). The post-Soviet wars: Rebellion, ethnic conflict, and nationhood in the Caucasus. New York : NYU Press, 304 p.
##submission.downloads##
Опубліковано
Як цитувати
Номер
Розділ
Ліцензія
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
